论文快递: 第二百十四期
编者按
Urban Studies 每年投稿量为1000多篇，每年发表16期，共180篇论文左右。由于稿件量大，文章从接收到正式出版周期较长，因此编辑部会在稿件接收排版后的第一时间在网上发布论文全文 (Online First) 。"论文快递" 栏目将同步推出网上刊登的最新论文，方便读者了解Urban Studies的最新动态，敬请关注！
本期为“论文快递”栏目的第二百十四期，将介绍Urban Studies Online First的五篇论文。主题包括居家办公与通勤，住区声誉与邻里依恋，城市戏剧实验室，民间资本与高科技市场竞争，和社会保护的运作机制。欢迎阅读。
01
What might working from home mean for the geography of work and commuting in the Greater Golden Horseshoe, Canada?
居家办公对于加拿大大金马蹄地区的工作位置和通勤意味着什么？
首次出版时间：2023/08/07｜研究论文
AbstractThe Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted the precarity of urban society, illustrating both opportunities and challenges. Teleworking rates increased dramatically during the pandemic and may be sustained over the long term. For transportation planners, these changes belie the broader questions of how the geography of work and commuting will change based on pandemic-induced shifts in teleworking and what this will mean for society and policymaking. This study focuses on these questions by using survey data (n = 2580) gathered in the autumn of 2021 to explore the geography of current and prospective telework. The study focuses on the Greater Golden Horseshoe, the mega-region in Southern Ontario, representing a fifth of Canadians. Survey data document telework practices before and during the pandemic, including prospective future telework practices. Inferential models are used to develop working-from-home scenarios which are allocated spatially based on respondents’ locations of work and residence. Findings indicate that telework appears to be poised to increase most relative to pre-pandemic levels around downtown Toronto based on locations of work, but increases in teleworking are more dispersed based on employees’ locations of residence. Contrary to expectations by many, teleworking is not significantly linked to home–work disconnect – suggesting that telework is poised to weaken the commute–housing trade-off embedded in bid rent theory. Together, these results portend a poor outlook for downtown urban agglomeration economies but also more nuanced impacts than simply inducing sprawl.
commuting, downtown, telework, urban geography, working from home
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231186499
02
The damages of stigma, the benefits of prestige: Examining the consequences of perceived residential reputations on neighbourhood attachment
污名的损害，声望的益处：探究住区声誉对邻里依恋的影响
首次出版时间：2023/08/07｜研究论文
Abstract
This study examines how perceived residential reputations – that is, how people think non-residents assess the reputation of their neighbourhood – affect neighbourhood attachment, including residents’ sense of belonging, local civic membership, social relationships and compliance with social rules and norms in the neighbourhood. We focus on Santiago, the capital city of Chile: a highly segregated context. We use data from the Chilean Longitudinal Social Survey (ELSOC, 2016–2019) and information on neighbourhood characteristics. Results show that perceived residential reputations affect neighbourhood attachment, even after adjusting for time-invariant individual heterogeneity and lagged dependent variables. Specifically, perceived stigma reduces residents’ neighbourhood identification, physical rootedness, trust and sociability with neighbours, while positive perceived reputations improve these components of neighbourhood attachment, although to a lesser extent. However, perceived residential reputations do not affect the formation of strong ties between neighbours or local participation, suggesting that residential reputations mainly influence affective components of neighbourhood attachment. We conclude that perceived residential reputations reinforce the influence of individual characteristics and objective neighbourhood conditions in producing diverging patterns of neighbourhood attachment, with broader implications for social inequality in the city.
本研究考察了感知到的住宅声誉–即人们认为非居民如何评价其所在街区的声誉–如何影响邻里依恋，包括居民的归属感、当地公民身份、社会关系以及对街区社会规则和规范的遵守情况。我们重点关注智利首都圣地亚哥：一个隔离问题极其严重的环境。我们使用的数据来自智利纵向社会调查（ELSOC，2016-2019 年）和街区特征信息。结果表明，即使对非时变的个体异质性和滞后因变量进行调整，感知到的住宅声誉也会影响邻里依恋。具体说来，所感知到的耻辱感会降低居民对街区的认同感、物理扎根感、信任感以及与邻居的社交，而所感知到的积极声誉则会改善邻里依恋的这些组成部分，尽管程度较轻。然而，所感知到的住宅声誉并不影响邻里之间紧密联系的形成或地方参与，这表明住宅声誉主要影响邻里依恋的情感成分。我们的结论是，在产生不同的邻里依恋模式过程中，感知到的住宅声誉会加强个人特征和客观邻里条件的影响，从而对城市中的社会不平等现象产生更广泛的影响。
Keywords
Latin America, neighbourhood attachment, residential reputation, residential segregation, territorial stigmatisation
关键词
拉丁美洲、邻里依恋、住宅声誉、住宅隔离、地域歧视
03
Reimagining Urban Living Labs: Enter the Urban Drama Lab
城市戏剧实验室：一种对城市生活实验室的重新构想
首次出版时间：2023/08/02｜研究论文
AbstractIn this paper we introduce the Urban Drama Lab as a new manifestation of Urban Living Labs. We expand current debates concerning Urban Living Labs by contrasting and comparing them with knowledge and practices developed in the field of theatre and performance. This enables us to scrutinise the ways in which stakeholders, issues and interests are represented and, in extension, performed in Urban Living Labs. We argue that this is important for two reasons: (1) because the current focus of Urban Living Labs on offering a real-world testing ground for urban experimentation constitutes a specific way of representing and performing stakeholders, issues, and interests, but that (2) questions of representation are seldom explicitly addressed because Urban Living Labs are seen to offer direct access to the real-world in a presumably ‘neutral’ setting. The Urban Drama Lab foregrounds that Urban Living Labs can never be neutral and free from structures of power but that they can set up a frame in which these structures can be scrutinised, assessed and possibly remodelled and rearranged. We conclude that the Urban Drama Lab might enable a fuller understanding of how the Urban Living Lab may address not only complex urban challenges, but also how it might also engage better with the power relations, contestations, conflicts and politics that are often at the core of these challenges.
摘要
在本文中，我们介绍了城市戏剧实验室，城市生活实验室的一种新表现形式。我们将城市生活实验室与戏剧和表演领域的知识和实践进行对照和比较，从而扩展当前有关城市生活实验室的讨论。这让我们能够对城市生活实验室中利益相关者、问题和利益的代表方式，乃至表现方式进行审查。我们认为这一点很重要，有二个原因：(1) 因为城市生活实验室目前关注的重点是为城市实验提供一个真实世界的试验场，这构成了代表和表现利益相关者、问题和利益的一种特定方式，但 (2) 代表性问题很少得到明确解决，因为城市生活实验室被认为是在一个假定的 “中立 “环境中提供直接接触真实世界的机会。城市戏剧实验室强调，城市生活实验室永远不可能是中立的，也不可能摆脱权力结构，但他们可以建立一个框架，在这个框架中，可以对这些结构进行细致审查、评估，还可以对其进行改造和重新安排。我们的结论是，城市戏剧实验室也许可以让我们更全面地了解城市生活实验室如何解决复杂的城市挑战，以及如何更好地处理权力关系、质疑、冲突和政治，这些往往是这些挑战的核心问题。
Keywords applied theatre, conflict, experimentation, transformation, Urban Living Labs
关键词
应用剧场、冲突、实验、转型、城市生活实验室
04
Sector connectors, specialists and scrappers: How cities use civic capital to compete in high-technology markets
行业连接器、专家和拳击手：城市如何利用民间资本在高科技市场中竞争
Tijs Creutzberg（加拿大多伦多大学）
Darius Ornston（加拿大多伦多大学）
David A Wolfe（加拿大多伦多大学）
首次出版时间：2023/08/02｜研究论文
Abstract
This article uses three cities in the same Canadian province (Ontario): Toronto, Ottawa and Waterloo, to examine how regions compete in high-technology markets. We find that regions use civic capital to leverage new, technological windows of opportunity, but they do so in very different ways. Tracing Toronto’s evolution from a marketing hub for foreign multinationals into a centre for entrepreneurship, we illustrate how weak ties and cross-sectoral buzz created a ‘super connector’, scaling high-technology firms in a wide variety of areas. In Ottawa, task-specific cooperation in R&D, education and specialised infrastructure enabled the region to overcome the disadvantages of its small size as a ‘specialist’ in a single, capital-intensive niche, telecommunications equipment. Finally, entrepreneurs in Waterloo eschewed task-specific cooperation for peer-to-peer mentoring. By diffusing generic knowledge about how to circumvent the liabilities of smallness, mentoring networks enabled this ‘scrapper’ city to support smaller start-ups in a broad range of niches.
本文选择了加拿大同一个省（安大略省）的三个城市：多伦多、渥太华和滑铁卢，来考察各地区如何在高科技市场中竞争。我们发现，各地区都利用民间资本来抓住新的技术机遇，但它们的方式却大相径庭。我们以多伦多从外国跨国公司的营销中心演变为创业中心的过程为例，说明了弱联系和跨行业的热潮如何创造出一个 “超级连接器”，扩大各个领域的高科技公司的规模。在渥太华，研发、教育和专业基础设施方面的特定任务合作使该地区能够克服其规模小的劣势，成为单一资本密集型细分市场（电信设备）的 “专家”。最后，滑铁卢的企业家们避开了基于特定任务的合作策略，转而进行同行之间的相互辅导。通过传播有关如何规避小型企业不利因素的通用知识，相互辅导网络使这座“拳击手”城市能够在广泛的特定专业领域为小型初创企业提供支持。
关键词
民间资本、治理、创新、网络、区域发展
05
Operationalising social protection: Reflections from urban India
运作社会保护：印度城市的反思
首次出版时间：2023/08/02｜研究论文
AbstractA global pandemic has brought renewed attention to an old question: what do we owe each other? Calls to engage in thinking about a ‘new social contract’ have emerged rooted both in an intimate memory of crisis as well as in the possibilities rooted in relief work, mutual aid and stimulus packages. Scholars have sought to learn, for example, what relief measures could teach us about social protection in a ‘post-pandemic’ world, even while cautioning that socio-economic inequalities were only revealed rather than caused by the pandemic. Drawing on a set of empirical cases collectively produced by researchers (including this author) at the Indian Institute for Human Settlements, Bangalore, this article turns to a specific part of any social contract: the design and operation of social protection systems. Within this, it argues that operational modes of delivering social protection need specific attention within scholarly debates, especially in their complexities within the spatial and economic informality that marks cities of the global south. Put simply: how we deliver both existing and new entitlements is as important as deciding what entitlements urban residents should be entitled to. I offer four main operational concerns that mark the delivery of social protection to informal workers in urban India: (a) residence as an operational barrier; (b) workplaces as sites of delivery; (c) working with worker organisations as delivery infrastructures; and (d) building systems of recognition and registration of informal workers.
摘要
一场全球大流行病再次引起了人们对一个老问题的关注：我们欠对方什么？对 “新社会契约 “进行思考的呼声已经出现，这种呼声的根源既是对危机的深刻记忆，也是救济工作、互助和一揽子刺激计划的可能性。例如，学者们试图了解救济措施能为后疫情世界的社会保护提供哪些启示，同时告诫我们，社会经济不平等只是大流行病暴露出来的问题，而不是它造成的。本文利用班加罗尔印度人类住区研究所的研究人员（包括本文作者）集体提出的一系列实证案例，探讨了社会契约的一个具体部分：社会保护制度的设计和运作。在此基础上，本文认为，学术讨论需要特别关注提供社会保护的运作模式，尤其是构成全球南方城市典型特征的空间和经济非正规性中的复杂性。简而言之：我们如何提供现有的和新的权益，与决定城市居民应享有哪些权益同样重要。本文提出了向印度城市非正式工人提供社会保护的运作要注意的四个主要问题：(a) 住所给社会保护运作带来的障碍；(b) 工作场所作为提供社会保护的场所；(c) 与工人组织合作，作为提供保护的基础；(d) 建立非正式工人的认可和登记制度。
关键词
全球南方、非正规性、社会保护、南方城市实践
扫码关注我们
微信号｜USJ_online
Urban Studies期刊官方微信公众号