论文快递: 第二百十三期
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Urban Studies 每年投稿量为1000多篇，每年发表16期，共180篇论文左右。由于稿件量大，文章从接收到正式出版周期较长，因此编辑部会在稿件接收排版后的第一时间在网上发布论文全文 (Online First) 。"论文快递" 栏目将同步推出网上刊登的最新论文，方便读者了解Urban Studies的最新动态，敬请关注！
本期为“论文快递”栏目的第二百十三期，将介绍Urban Studies Online First的两篇论文和Current Issue的三篇论文。主题包括升级分区，城市想象和建筑师的角色，非正规经济与工作，空间集聚与隔离梯度，以及贫困空间化。欢迎阅读。
01
The heterogeneous impacts of widespread upzoning: Lessons from Auckland, New Zealand
广泛升级分区的不同影响:新西兰奥克兰的经验教训
AbstractZoning reform is increasingly recognised as an important strategy to increase housing affordability and environmental sustainability. Few cities have undertaken significant upzoning of low-density neighbourhoods, making the 2016 Auckland Unitary Plan (AUP) probably the most ambitious zoning reform in the world. Parcels zoned for single houses previously dominated Auckland, but three-quarters of them now allow multiple units. Existing studies have documented the building boom that followed this zoning reform, yet the relatively rare case offers additional insights. In this article, we use appraisal, census and zoning data on over 200,000 parcels in Auckland to answer three research questions about the heterogeneous impacts of the AUP. First, to what extent did upzoning increase the appraised value of properties’ redevelopment options? Second, did upzoning increase appraised property values to a greater degree in higher-income and more centrally located neighbourhoods? Finally, was zoning reform in Auckland significantly influenced by similar political pressures as in other countries? That is, was upzoning less likely (and downzoning more likely) in higher-income neighbourhoods? The answers to these three questions are substantially, it’s complicated, and yes.
house prices, land use regulations, neighbourhood effects, political economy, redevelopment option, upzoning
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231190281
02
A performing arts centre for whom? Rethinking the architect as negotiator of urban imaginaries
谁的表演艺术中心？重新思考作为城市想象协商者的建筑师
Abstract
In this study, we interpret architecture not as a single imaginary stemming from architects and architectural patrons, but as the result of negotiating urban politics and urban imaginaries between different stakeholders, including policymakers, citizens, and developers. We focus in particular on the role of architects within this process as mediators between different stakeholders, who nevertheless have their own specific agenda to pursue. We draw on an empirical case of the Taipei Performing Arts Centre, a cultural flagship project built in Taiwan and designed by the Office for Metropolitan Architecture. Through a review of internal documents, interviews, and content analysis on archival data, we expose the controversy over the integration of the historical ‘low culture’ local food market into the design for the new ‘high culture’ Performing Arts Centre. Although the architects imagined and pursued the integration of the new centre into the existing local culture, both policymakers and local citizens contested this attempt. The study concludes that, despite claims from both policymakers and architects of representing ‘the people’, there were often misunderstandings, deliberate or otherwise, regarding the needs of ‘the people’ or indeed of who ‘the people’ are.
在本研究中，我们对建筑的诠释并非源于建筑师和建筑赞助人的单一想象，而是不同利益相关者（包括政策制定者、市民和开发商）之间对城市政治和城市想象进行协商的结果。我们特别关注建筑师在这个过程中的角色，他们是不同利益相关者之间的中介人，却又有自己的具体议程要追求。我们以台北表演艺术中心为实证案例，该项目是在台湾建造的文化旗舰项目，由大都会建筑事务所设计。通过查阅内部文件、访谈和对档案资料的内容分析，我们揭示出关于在阳春白雪的新表演艺术中心的设计之中融入历来下里巴人的当地食品市场的争议。尽管建筑师设想并追求将新中心融入现有的当地文化，但政策制定者和当地市民都对这种尝试提出异议。研究的结论是，尽管政策制定者和建筑师都声称代表“人民”，但对于“人民”的需求或“人民”是谁，往往存在有意或无意的误解。
Keywords
iconic architecture, OMA, role of architects, urban imaginary, urban politics
关键词
标志性建筑、OMA、建筑师的角色、城市想象、城市政治
03
Precarious and non-precarious work in the informal sector: Evidence from South Africa
非正规经济内不稳定和非不稳定的工作：南非的证据
AbstractThe research analyses the precarious and non-precarious work practices within the informal sector. Labour in the informal sector and in regions without strong labour relations is not uniformly precarious but is categorised by a bimodality of incomes, citizenships and conducts. This creates opportunities for insurgent modes of counter-conduct in the interstices of regulations and social conventions, but has also resulted in exclusive local citizenships and revanchist strategies. From numerous in-depth interviews, the study found that the Covid-19 lockdown and economic recession led to a new dialectical relationship between long-term residents and a precariat in-group of non-propertied actors, recent migrants and immigrants in the informal sector. Long-term resi- dents with local citizenship aggregated formal and informal incomes and secondary incomes within the household, elevating them out of precariousness, although primarily active in the informal sector. These included strategies of adverse incorporation and revanchist conducts to maintain incomes for non-precarious workers. Marginalised precarious workers shifted to modes of counter-conduct, hiding the true nature of the business, evading strict social conventions on local trade and pursuing new inter-ethnic citizenships based on strategic partnerships.
摘要
本研究分析了非正规经济内不稳定和非不稳定的工作实践。非正规经济内的劳动力和没有牢固劳动关系区域的劳动力并非都不稳定，而是根据收入、公民身份和行为的双峰性进行分类。这为规章制度和社会习俗空隙之中的反行为的叛乱模式创造了机会，但也导致了排他性的地方公民身份和复仇主义策略的出现。通过大量深入访谈，我们的研究发现，新冠封锁和经济衰退导致长期居民与无产者、新移民和非正规经济移民组成的不稳定无产群体之间形成了一种新的悖论关系。具有当地公民身份的长期居民的家庭积累了正式和非正式收入以及二次收入，摆脱了不稳定的状态，尽管那些居民主要活跃在非正规经济内。这些包括旨在维持非不稳定工人收入的有害融合策略和复仇主义行为。边缘化的不稳定工人转而采用反行为模式，隐藏业务的真实性质，逃避当地贸易的严格社会习俗，并在战略伙伴关系的基础上寻求新的跨民族公民身份。
关键词
公民身份、反行为、非正规性、不稳定的工作、不稳定
04
Defining ‘metropolitan’ poverty: Isolation gradients in major US urban areas
定义“大都市”贫困：美国主要城市地区的隔离梯度
Scott William Hegerty（美国东北伊利诺伊大学）
首次出版时间：2023/01/11｜研究论文AbstractAs suburban poverty has become more prevalent in recent years, low-income neighbourhoods have emerged outside of many central cities. In many regions, however, there remains a stark divide between the core city and outlying areas. Measuring poverty concentrations, therefore, depends on the choice of geographic scale. Widespread urban poverty results in low measures of poverty concentration inside core cities, and whether this increases or decreases once suburbs are considered depends on specific regional characteristics. This study calculates ‘isolation gradients’ for the population in poverty in the 50 largest US Metropolitan areas (MSAs), extending from the core city to beyond the MSA level. A variety of patterns emerge, including sharp increases in isolation scores outside the city (as in Detroit) as well as decreases (for Atlanta). An econometric analysis of the ratio of MSA-level to core-city isolation scores finds that, controlling for land area and core-city poverty rates, much of the variance is explained by per-capita income and differences in racial segregation. A comparison of gradients in 2000 and 2015–2019 for a subset of cities shows additional patterns of suburban and urban convergence and divergence.
摘要
随着近些年郊区贫困变得更加普遍，许多中心城市以外出现了低收入社区。然而，在许多地区，核心城市和边远地区之间仍然存在明显的鸿沟。因此，衡量贫困人口集中程度取决于地理尺度的选择。普遍的城市贫困导致核心城市的贫困集中度较低，一旦考虑到郊区，这种集中程度是增加还是减少取决于具体的区域特征。这项研究计算了美国50个最大的大都市区(MSA)贫困人口的“隔离梯度”，范围从核心城市延伸到MSA以外的水平。出现了各种各样的模式，包括城外隔离分数的急剧上升(如底特律)和下降(亚特兰大)。对MSA水平与核心城市隔离得分之比的计量经济学分析发现，控制土地面积和核心城市贫困率，这种差异很大程度上是由人均收入和种族隔离的差异来解释的。对2000年和2015-2019年部分城市的梯度进行比较，可以看出郊区和城市的汇聚和分化的其他模式。
Keywords poverty, quantitative methods, spatial concentration, United States, urban areas
关键词
贫困, 定量方法, 空间集聚, 美国, 城市区域
05
‘We lurk in the hidden places’: The (un)stable spatialisation of Roma poverty in Romania
“我们潜伏在隐蔽的地方”：罗马尼亚罗姆人贫困的（非）稳定空间化
Ionuxt-Marian Anghel（罗马尼亚生活质量研究所）
Filip Mihai Alexandrescu（罗马尼亚生活质量研究所）
首次出版时间：2022/12/14｜研究论文
Abstract
This article studies the urban geographies of Roma poverty by exploring variations in spatialisation. We draw on Sassen’s work on expulsions to argue that the spatialisation of poverty does not always result in a ‘ghetto’. We show instead that the ‘savage sorting’ of winners and losers and the resulting expulsions separate Roma into different levels of (housing) market worthiness. However, this sorting is also shaped by a ‘governance of Gypsy urban areas’ that enables a partial stabilisation of expulsion outcomes. We flesh out these arguments using interviews and observations collected in several Roma ghettos and slum areas from two Transylvanian mid-sized cities in Romania. Our research indicates that the spatialisation of (Roma) poverty is the result of disordering and re-ordering processes, that make it more ruthless, but at the same time politically containable.
本文通过探索空间化的各种变化形式，来研究造成罗姆人的贫困的城市地理因素。我们利用撒森 (Sassen) 关于驱逐的著作，论证了贫困的空间化并不总是会导致“贫民窟”的出现。相反，我们表明，赢家和输家的“野蛮分类”以及由此产生的驱逐将罗姆人按不同的（住房）市场价值分为不同等级。然而，这种分类也受到“吉普赛城市地区治理”的影响，这种治理能够使部分驱逐结果稳定下来。我们在罗马尼亚的特兰西瓦尼亚 (Transylvanian) 地区的两个中型城市，选择了几个罗姆人聚居区和贫民区，对居民进行了采访，并进行了观察，我们用收集到的材料来证实这些论点。我们的研究表明，（罗姆人）贫困的空间化是经过失序和重新排序后的结果，这使得它更加无情，在政治上却是可控的。
关键词
驱逐, 吉普赛城市地区, 罗马尼亚, 贫困空间化, 城市公民身份
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