论文快递: 第二百十二期
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Urban Studies 每年投稿量为1000多篇，每年发表16期，共180篇论文左右。由于稿件量大，文章从接收到正式出版周期较长，因此编辑部会在稿件接收排版后的第一时间在网上发布论文全文 (Online First) 。"论文快递" 栏目将同步推出网上刊登的最新论文，方便读者了解Urban Studies的最新动态，敬请关注！
本期为“论文快递”栏目的第二百十二期，将介绍Urban Studies Online First的两篇论文和近期正式出版期刊中的三篇论文。主题包括自由主义城市空间，警务与公共住房，种族隔离与新冠疫情，土地征用行为，及择校机会和政治经济隔离。欢迎阅读。
01
Libertecture: A catalogue of libertarian spaces
自由结构——一份自由主义空间的目录
AbstractIn this article we identify spaces and built environments that have the effect of placing libertarian thinking in urban contexts, using the term ‘libertecture’ to refer to the way that these architectures convey principles of personal liberty and unfettered market activity. These ideas are thus embedded in cities via the design, architecture, management and function of an emerging array of buildings, districts and infrastructures. Locating our analysis in cultural political economy, we believe that these libertectures are important because of the way that they refract and amplify divisive ideas into the social spaces and thinking of residents and citizens. Whereas neoliberal urbanism was seen as undermining socially just cities, libertarian ideas amplified by new built environments may presage more atomised, unequal and unsustainable urban conditions, potentially foreclosing the identification of more just alternatives and democratic forms. We offer a ‘catalogue’ of seven forms of libertecture: private cities, residential exits, portal spaces, fiscal lockers, pioneer exclaves, infinity spaces, and necrotectures. We conclude that the manifestation of libertarian thinking in spaces and city forms is an important object of study for urban studies as it considers challenges to inclusive and sustainable forms of urban governance.
architecture, ideology, libertarianism, neoliberalism, urban governance
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231181323
02
Carceral connections: The role of policing in the management of public housing in New York City
枷锁关系：警务在纽约市公共住房管理中的作用
Abstract
Between 2006 and 2022, the New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) attempted to address the fiscal and infrastructural crises in public housing through a number of controversial privatisation strategies. This contested push occurred alongside the pervasive role of policing in public housing. The New York City Police Department utilises several policing strategies specific to NYCHA communities, collaborating with the housing authority in the management of public housing residents. This article draws on qualitative content analysis of local policing strategies and public housing policy reforms in New York City to investigate how the state facilitates the displacement of disproportionately poor, non-white, public housing tenants while simultaneously sponsoring privatised redevelopment in their communities in ways that mirror gentrification processes usually studied in private housing. I focus on the content of and linkages between public housing-specific policing strategies and privatising public housing redevelopment plans. By examining police as collaborators within public housing policy, I uncover the entanglement of law enforcement in urban development, as well as the underlying roles and relationships between the state, capital and police in contemporary urban development and gentrification. The findings illuminate the processes of carceral urbanism, where the logics of the carceral state emerge as priorities throughout the urban governance of the contemporary neoliberal state in general, and public housing policy reform in particular.
2006 年至 2022 年期间，纽约市房屋局 (NYCHA) 试图通过一系列备受争议的私有化策略来应对公共住房的财政和基础设施危机。这种颇具争议的推动力与公共住房中普遍存在的警务作用同时存在。纽约市警察局采用一些专门针对纽约市房屋局社区的警务策略，与房屋局合作管理公共住房居民。本文通过对纽约市本地警务策略和公共住房政策改革的定性内容分析，探究州政府如何在支持社区私有化重建的同时为穷困潦倒的非白人公共住房租户的搬迁提供便利。重建方式与通常在私人住房领域研究的绅士化进程类似。本文关注的重点是公共住房的具体警务策略和私有化公共住房重建计划的内容以及二者的关联。通过研究公共住房政策中的合作者（即警察），本文揭示了执法部门在城市发展中的纠葛，以及州、资本和警察在当代城市发展和绅士化进程中的潜在角色与关系。研究结果阐明了“枷锁城市化”(carceral urbanism) 的进程，其中枷锁国度 (carceral state) 的逻辑在整个当代新自由主义国家的城市治理中，特别是公共住房政策改革中，具有优先地位。
Keywords
gentrification, New York City, policing, privatisation, public housing
关键词
绅士化、纽约市、警务、私有化、公共住房
03
The impact of ethnic segregation on neighbourhood-level social distancing in the United States amid the early outbreak of COVID-19
种族隔离对美国新冠疫情早期爆发期间社区尺度保持社交距离行为的影响
AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has been argued to be the ‘great equaliser’, but, in fact, ethnically and racially segregated communities are bearing a disproportionate burden from the disease. Although more people have been infected and died from the disease among these minority communities, still fewer people in these communities are complying with the suggested public health measures like social distancing. The factors contributing to these ramifications remain a long-lasting debate, in part due to the contested theories between ethnic stratification and ethnic community. To offer empirical evidence to this theoretical debate, we tracked public social-distancing behaviours from mobile phone devices across urban census tracts in the United States and employed a difference-in-difference model to examine the impact of racial/ethnic segregation on these behaviours. Specifically, we focussed on non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic communities at the neighbourhood level from three principal dimensions of ethnic segregation, namely, evenness, exposure, and concentration. Our results suggest that (1) the high ethnic diversity index can decrease social-distancing behaviours and (2) the high dissimilarity between ethnic minorities and non-Hispanic Whites can increase social-distancing behavior; (3) the high interaction index can decrease social-distancing behaviours; and (4) the high concentration of ethnic minorities can increase travel distance and non-home time but decrease work behaviours. The findings of this study shed new light on public health behaviours among minority communities and offer empirical knowledge for policymakers to better inform just and evidence-based public health orders.
摘要
新冠肺炎大流行被一些人认为是“伟大的均衡器”，但事实上，种族和民族隔离社区正承受着不成比例的疾病负担。尽管这些少数族裔社区中有更多人感染并死于这种疾病，但这些社区中遵守公共卫生措施建议（如保持社交距离）的人仍然很少。对于导致这些后果的因素，人们一直在争论，部分原因是相互对立的种族分层和种族社区理论。为了为这一理论辩论提供经验证据，我们通过美国城市人口普查区移动电话设备来追踪人们保持社交距离的行为模式，并采用双重差分模型来检验种族/民族隔离对这些行为模式的影响。具体而言，我们从种族隔离的三个主要维度（即均匀度、接触度和集中度）出发，在街区层面关注非西班牙裔黑人和西班牙裔社区。我们的研究结果表明：(1) 高种族多元化指数可能会损害保持社交距离的行为；(2) 少数民族和非西班牙裔白人之间的高度差异可能会促进保持社交距离的行为；(3) 高互动指数可能会损害保持社交距离的行为；(4) 少数民族的高度集中可能会增加出行距离和非在家时间，但会减少工作行为。这项研究的结果为少数民族社区的公共卫生行为提供了新的视角，并为决策者提供了经验知识，并为其创建公正和循证的公共卫生秩序提供了更好的参考。
Keywords big data, COVID-19, ethnic segregation, social distancing
关键词
大数据、新冠肺炎、种族隔离、社交距离
04
The political economy of land expropriation in urban Bangladesh
孟加拉国城市土地征用的政治经济学阐释
Lipon Mondal（孟加拉达卡大学）
首次出版时间：2022/10/01｜研究论文
Abstract
This paper explores the 71-year (1947–2018) history of land expropriation in urban Bangladesh. It examines three interrelated questions regarding land occupation. First, how does the state and market pursue their mutual and competing class interests by expropriating land? Next, how does the state and market deploy primarily extra-economic means to seize land? Finally, how do actors, strategies and purposes of land expropriation vary from one political regime to another? This article addresses these questions by engaging with extant theories of land dispossession and class analysis and collecting a wide range of empirical evidence from Dhaka, Bangladesh. It argues that state and market actors in different political regimes use extra-economic means to accumulate land, creating preconditions for capitalism and expanding the existing capitalist system. To elaborate on this argument, it examines three factors of land expropriation: class, power and structure. The class dimension examines state and market actors who pursue their respective class interests by grabbing land. The power dimension explores land occupation strategies: who can use what forms of legal or illegal means to expropriate land. The structural factor shows how actors, methods, and purposes of land accumulation vary from regime to regime. Overall, this paper examines historical and contemporary forms of class interests attached to land accumulation, distinct mechanisms and purposes of land expropriation, and the nature of capitalist transformation under various political regimes.
本文探讨了孟加拉国城市土地征用的71年（1947-2018年）历史。我们研究有关土地占用的三个相互关联的问题。首先，国家和市场如何通过征用土地来追求相互竞争的阶级利益？接下来，国家和市场如何主要部署额外的经济手段来夺取土地？最后，土地征用的行为者、战略和目的在不同的政治制度之间如何不同？本文通过参与现有的土地征用理论和阶级分析，并从孟加拉国达卡收集大量经验证据来解决这些问题。我们认为，不同政治体制中的国家和市场参与者使用额外的经济手段来积累土地，为资本主义创造了先决条件，并扩大了现有的资本主义制度。为了阐述这一论点，我们考察了土地征用的三个因素：阶级、权力和结构。阶级维度考察通过攫取土地追求各自阶级利益的国家和市场行为者。权力维度探讨土地占用策略：谁可以使用何种形式的合法或非法手段征用土地。结构因素显示了不同制度下土地积累的参与者、方法和目的如何变化。总的来说，本文考察了历史和当代形式的土地积累所附带的阶级利益，土地征用的不同机制和目的，以及不同政治制度下资本主义转型的性质。
关键词
剥夺积累、孟加拉国、阶级、达卡、土地、权力、原始积累、剥夺制度、结构、城市
05
The dynamics of socio-economic segregation: What role do private schools play?
社会经济隔离的演变：私立学校在其中发挥什么作用？
AbstractAlthough residential sorting along socio-economic lines has increased in many cities across Europe, few studies have examined what drives changes in segregation over time. This study looks at the role of school choice expansion in shaping patterns of spatial inequality. We adopt a longitudinal perspective and investigate how the increasing availability of private primary schools is related to the dynamics of socio-economic segregation in German cities. Drawing on a uniquely compiled data set for the years 2005 to 2014 that includes 74 large and medium-sized cities with over 3500 districts, we estimate linear panel regression models with city fixed effects. The analyses show that an increase in the share of private primary schools is associated with a decrease in the segregation of poverty in West German cities but not in East German ones. The association in West Germany is particularly pronounced in local contexts characterised by growing rates of poor residents and growing proportions of young children. Results imply that school choice availability may promote residential integration and at the same time reinforce school segregation.
摘要
在欧洲许多城市，社会经济型住宅分类有所增加，但很少有研究关注隔离逐渐发生变化的推动因素。本论文探讨了越来越多的择校在形成空间不平等模式中的作用。我们采用纵向视角，调查了在德国的城市中，私立小学入学机会的增加与社会经济隔离动态之间的关系。我们利用特别汇编的2005年至2014年的数据集，预估了具有城市固定效应的线性面板回归模型。该数据集涵盖了74个大中城市的3,500多个区。分析表明，私立小学比例的增加与德国西部的城市中贫困隔离的减少有关，而与德国东部的城市无关。在德国西部，这两者之间的关联结合当地的具体情况看尤其明显，其特点是贫困居民的比例不断上升，幼儿的比例不断增加。结果表明，择校机会的增加可能会促进居住融合，同时会加剧学校隔离。
关键词
教育、街区、居住隔离、择校、空间不均衡性
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