论文快递: 第二百零四期
编者按
Urban Studies 每年投稿量为1000多篇，每年发表16期，共180篇论文左右。由于稿件量大，文章从接收到正式出版周期较长，因此编辑部会在稿件接收排版后的第一时间在网上发布论文全文 (Online First) 。"论文快递" 栏目将同步推出网上刊登的最新论文，方便读者了解Urban Studies的最新动态，敬请关注！
本期为“论文快递”栏目的第二百零四期，将介绍 Urban Studies Online First的三篇论文和Issue 6的两篇论文。主题包括商业改进区的城市治理，封城期间的粮食不安全与社会资本，绅士化衡量方法，城市外围研究，绅士化进程与心理健康，欢迎阅读。
01
Making power visible: Business improvement districts and creative placemaking in Washington, DC
让权力可见：华盛顿特区的商业改进区和创意场所营造
AbstractBusiness improvement districts represent a privatising urban governance instrument that visibly transforms urban landscapes. In the United States, the racialised impacts of business improvement districts require examination. Through a discussion of Washington, DC, a city profoundly injured by racist planning histories, we illustrate how business improvement districts, as part of a broader entrepreneurial regime, have driven gentrification citywide since the late 1990s. Focusing on the intersection of redevelopment and ‘creative placemaking’, we make visible the contradictions embedded in this business improvement district urbanism, which has harnessed the work of a network of actors to revalorise urban space while erasing working class places and in DC, its Black cultural, political and economic space.
商业改进区代表了一种私有化的城市治理手段，它明显地改变了城市的面貌。在美国，需要审视商业改进区的种族化影响。华盛顿特区深受种族主义规划历史的伤害，本文通过对该城市进行讨论，阐明了商业改进区作为更广泛的创业制度的一部分，自20世纪90年代末以来是如何推动整个城市的绅士化的。我们重点关注重建和 "创意地方创生 "的交叉点，揭示这种商业改进区的城市化所蕴含的矛盾。商业改进区的城市化利用行为者网络来对城市空间进行重新估价，同时抹去工人阶级的位置，以及华盛顿特区的黑人文化、政治和经济空间。
business improvement districts，gentrification，placemaking，private urban governance，redevelopment
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231174991
02
The association between food insecurity and social capital under the lockdowns in COVID-hit Shanghai
受新冠疫情影响的上海封城期间粮食不安全与社会资本之间的关联
Abstract
As an emergency, food insecurity threatens people’s well-being, while social capital is expected to enhance their resilience in this situation. This study examined the relationship between food insecurity and social capital during the COVID-19 lockdowns in Shanghai. We collected a dataset of 1064 participants by random sampling. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the dynamics of social capital before and after lockdowns. The results show that the level of post-lockdown social capital was higher than that of pre-lockdown social capital. Pre-lockdown social capital predicted the extent to which people suffered from food insecurity and their approaches to obtaining food. Participation in group purchases and food exchange with other residents predicted the levels of post-lockdown social capital. The results shed light on the interaction between emergencies and social capital. Our study theoretically contributes to understanding social capital through a dynamic perspective.
Keywords
food insecurity，lockdowns，Shanghai，social capital，COVID-19 pandemic
粮食不安全，封锁，上海，社会资本，新冠疫情
03
Re-measuring gentrification
重新衡量绅士化
AbstractWe develop an expectations-based measure of gentrification. Property values today incorporate market participants’ expectations of the neighbourhood’s future. We contrast this with present-oriented variables like demographics. To operationalise the signal implicit in property values, we contrast the percentile rank of a neighbourhood’s average house price to that of its average income, relative to its metropolitan area. We take as our signal of gentrification the rise of a neighbourhood’s house value percentile above its income percentile. We show that a gap between the house value and income percentiles predicts future income growth. We further validate our metric against existing approaches to identify gentrification, finding that it aligns meaningfully with qualitative analyses built on local insight. Compared to existing quantitative approaches, we obtain similar results but usually observe them in earlier years and with more parsimonious data. Our approach has several advantages: conceptual simplicity, communicative flexibility with graphical and map forms and availability for small geographies on an annual basis with minimal lag.
摘要
我们开发了一个基于预期的绅士化衡量标准。当下的房地产价值包含了市场参与者对街区未来的预期。我们将其与人口统计学等短期的变量进行对比。为了使房地产价值中隐含的信号操作化，我们对比了相对于其所在的大城市地区而言，一个社区的平均房价的百分位数以及其平均收入的百分位数。我们的研究表明，房屋价值和收入百分位数之间的差距可以预测未来的收入增长。我们根据现有的识别绅士化的方法，进一步验证了我们的衡量标准。我们发现该衡量标准与基于本地洞察的定性分析极其一致。与现有的定量方法相比，我们获得了类似的结果，但通常观察的是较早的年份，数据量也比较小。我们的方法有几个优点：概念简单，以图形和地图的形式进行灵活的交流，以及小的地理区域每年可用，有着最小的滞后。
Keywords gentrification，measurement，neighbourhood change，urban economic theory
关键词
绅士化，衡量标准，街区变化，城市经济理论
04
Centring the periphery in urban studies: Notes towards a research agenda on peripheral centralities
在城市研究中以外围为中心：对外围中心性研究议程的说明
Nicholas A Phelps（澳大利亚墨尔本大学）
Paul J Maginn（澳大利亚西澳大学）
Roger Keil（加拿大约克大学）
首次出版时间：2022/12/14｜研究论文
Abstract
Based on presentations across two days as part of an Urban Studies Foundation-funded seminar series, we elaborate a thematic agenda for considering the centrality of urban peripheries. We move beyond a typology of suburban centres to depict senses of peripheral centrality in terms of: their pervasiveness; their visibility across multiple scales; their underlying social relations; the agency exerted in their imagining and production, and the associated policy mobility.
摘要
作为城市研究基金会 (Urban Studies Foundation) 资助的系列研讨会的一部分，我们以两天的讲座为基础，详细阐述了一个研究城市周边的中心性的主题议程。我们超越了郊区中心的类型学，从以下方面来描述外围中心性的意义：它们的普遍性；它们不同程度的可见性；它们潜在的社会关系；在它们的设想和生产中起作用的机构，以及相关的政策流动性。Keywordsbuilt environment，extended urbanisation，planning，suburbanisation，theory
关键词
建筑环境，扩展城市化，规划，郊区化，理论
05
Changes in psychosocial wellbeing over a five-year period in two predominantly Black Pittsburgh neighbourhoods: A comparison between gentrifying and non-gentrifying census tracts
匹兹堡两个以黑人为主的社区五年内社会心理健康的变化：绅士化和非绅士化人口普查区的比较
AbstractGentrification often leads to changes within urban neighbourhoods. While redevelopment and investment may improve the built environment in gentrifying neighbourhoods, there may be disruptive impacts that affect health and wellbeing for existing residents. A growing body of literature explores the impact of gentrification on the psychosocial wellbeing of residents. This study sought to understand gentrification’s effects on three aspects of psychosocial wellbeing in a random sample of predominantly Black residents in two neighbourhoods in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (n = 662). Residents were enrolled in 2011 and surveyed multiple times through 2018. We used American Community Survey data to create a tract-level measure of gentrification to categorise the 13 census tracts in the two neighbourhoods as gentrified or not gentrified between 2011 and 2018 and assessed whether gentrified tracts experienced predominantly White or Black gentrification. We then estimated multivariate regression models to test associations between gentrification status and participant-level changes in perceived neighbourhood social cohesion, neighbourhood satisfaction and psychological distress, between 2013 and 2018. Relative to participants living in non-gentrified tracts, we found those living in gentrified tracts (all of which were Black gentrified) experienced smaller improvements in perceived neighbourhood social cohesion (coef. =−0.21, p = 0.005) and neighbourhood satisfaction (dy/dx = 0.12, p = 0.003). We found no statistically significant association between gentrification and changes in psychological distress. These results suggest that although gentrification may bring about needed resources in the community, further consideration should be given to help ensure any detrimental effects on social cohesion and neighbourhood satisfaction are mitigated.
摘要
绅士化通常会导致城市街区内部发生变化。虽然再开发和投资可能会改善绅士化街区的建筑环境，但可能会对现有居民的健康和幸福造成极大破坏。越来越多的文献探讨绅士化对居民社会心理健康的影响。本研究旨在通过对宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡的两个街区中的居民，主要是黑人居民，进行随机采样（样本量n = 662），了解绅士化对社会心理健康三个方面造成的影响。居民于 2011 年入组，从 2011年到2018 年，我们进行了多次调查。我们根据“美国社区问卷调查”数据创建了一个普查区级别的绅士化衡量标准，在2011 年至 2018 年期间，将两个街区的 13 个人口普查区归类，分为已绅士化或未绅士化，并评估绅士化普查区是否主要为白人的绅士化或主要为黑人的绅士化。然后，我们估计了多元回归模型，以测试 2013 年至 2018 年间，绅士化状态与参与者在下述几个方面的变化之间的关联：所感知的邻里社会凝聚力、邻里满意度、心理困扰。相比于生活在未绅士化普查区的参与者，我们发现那些生活在绅士化普查区内的居民（所有的都是黑人绅士化）在所感知的邻里社会凝聚力（系数 = - 0.21，p = 0.005）和邻里满意度（dy / dx = 0.12，p = 0.003）方面改善的程度较小。我们发现绅士化与心理困扰的变化之间没有统计学上的显著关联。这些结果表明，尽管绅士化可能会为社区带来所需的资源，但人们应进一步考虑，如何才能减轻绅士化对社会凝聚力和邻里满意度所造成的不利影响。
关键词
绅士化，健康，邻里满意度，心理困扰，社会凝聚力
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