论文快递: 第二百零二期
编者按
Urban Studies 每年投稿量为1000多篇，每年发表16期，共180篇论文左右。由于稿件量大，文章从接收到正式出版周期较长，因此编辑部会在稿件接收排版后的第一时间在网上发布论文全文 (Online First) 。"论文快递" 栏目将同步推出网上刊登的最新论文，方便读者了解Urban Studies的最新动态，敬请关注！
本期为“论文快递”栏目的第二百零二期，将介绍 Urban Studies Online First的五篇论文。主题包括工作可及性对劳动力市场的影响，智慧城市与城市治理，水资源重新地方自治化，孤独的空间，外来务工人员休闲的代际差异，欢迎阅读。
01
The relevance of job accessibility to labour market outcomes: Evidence for the São Paulo metropolitan region
就业机会与劳动力市场结果的相关性：圣保罗大都市地区的证据
AbstractFocusing on the case of the São Paulo Metropolitan Region, the largest urban centre in South America, this study provides evidence of the effect of job accessibility on three different labour market dimensions: participation, employment and informality. The evidence is obtained by combining information about household and employment locations and using a probit model together with an instrumental variable strategy. The results indicate that better job accessibility increases the probability of employment for both males and especially females, with employment probability elasticities of about 0.05% and 0.15%, respectively. In addition, we found that better access to jobs positively influences the probability of participation only for females. The set of evidence favours policies promoting higher residential density, transport infrastructure, and family support services.
本研究专注于南美最大的城市中心圣保罗大都市地区这一案例，提供了工作可及性对劳动力市场以下三个不同维度的影响的证据：参与、就业和非正规性。证据是通过结合家庭和就业地点信息，使用多元概率比回归 (probit) 模型和工具变量策略获得的。结果表明，更好的工作可及性增加了男性和女性、尤其是女性的就业概率，其就业概率弹性分别约为 0.05% 和 0.15%。此外，我们发现，更好的工作可及性仅对女性的参与概率产生积极影响。这套证据赞成提高住宅密度、完善交通基础设施和家庭支持服务的政策。
job accessibility, participation, employment, informality, labour market
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231165481
02
Obliged smart freedom: The Singaporean experience of advanced neoliberal-developmental governance
有义务的智慧自由：先进的新自由主义发展治理的新加坡经验
Abstract
Despite criticism, the smart city solutionist rhetoric has gained popularity and investment across the world. In response, this paper interrogates the notion of neutrality in smart city projects and investigates the resulting rationales of the smart brand as a technology of control. The paper develops Nikolas Rose’s argument that a central tenet of liberal governance is to create, and then obligate, a desirable form of freedom, through a framework of economic maximisation, self-responsibility and autonomy. This framework is applied to the Singaporean Smart Nation as a neoliberal-developmental state to consider how the Smart City can be understood as a governance technique. The research is undertaken through a mixed method analysis to unpick the discursive frameworks shaping how individuals navigate the smart city. This approach identifies one of the many ways realities have become governable, to provide a relational perspective through the juxtaposition of government and citizen experiences. Data is drawn from three key government documents, an online survey of Singaporean residents (n = 255), and key informant interviews (n = 9). The results demonstrate the potential of the digital environment of Singapore to oblige freedom to engender a compliant population. In addition, the Singaporean case highlights the need for contextualised analysis of smart city projects to explore the governance potential, especially beyond the western perspective.
Keywords
governmentality, obliged freedom, Singapore, smart cities
治理术, 有义务的自由, 新加坡, 智慧城市
03
Recommoning water: Crossing thresholds under citizen-driven remunicipalisation
水资源重新公地化：在公民驱动的重新地方自治化下跨越门槛
AbstractSince 2008, the call to ‘remunicipalise’ water resources has become a key strategy for water movements across Europe. Remunicipalisation aimed at opposing the new wave of privatisation programmes and water commodification incentivised under austerity frameworks. However, the water movements’ lack of direct engagement with questions of re/commoning resulted in under-explored links, in practitioner and scholarly arenas, between demands for water remunicipalisation and practices of commoning. This article brings into dialogue the bodies of literature on commoning and remunicipalisation. It examines the conditions which enable crossing the paradigm threshold from municipal governance, towards more collective and situated models of water governance rooted in practices of commoning. The article operationalises the concept of recommoning water to capture this process, and proposes an analytical definition grounded in a case study of water remunicipalisation in Terrassa, Spain. In 2019, Terrassa achieved remunicipalisation to create a citizen water observatory. The empirical findings demonstrate that water activists in Terassa’s Observatory are reclaiming and reproducing the commons on a daily basis through a process of experimentation with institutional bricolage and (re)negotiation of power and autonomy. This citizen-led observatory is ensuring that resources are shared in common, are used for the common good and are reproducing the commons. The study concludes that water remunicipalisation can act as an important step for enabling processes of recommoning. Nevertheless, the institutionalisation of recommoning water under a public management regime is confronted with multifaceted tensions that merit attention from both activists and policymakers.
摘要
自2008年以来，呼吁将水资源“重新地方自治化”已成为整个欧洲水运动的关键战略。重新地方自治化的目的是反对新一轮的私有化计划以及紧缩框架下所采用的水资源商品化激励措施。然而，水运动没有直接涉及重新公地化或公地化的问题，导致在实践和学术领域中，对水务重新地方自治化的要求和公地化实践之间的联系探索不足。本文讨论了关于公地化和重新地方自治化的主要文献。研究了能够跨越市政治理范式门槛的条件，转向植根于公地化实践的更具集体性的、更符合形势的水治理模式。本文将 "水资源重新公地化 "的概念具体化，以反映这一过程，并以西班牙Terrassa水务公司重新地方自治化的案例研究为基础，提出了一个分析定义。2019年，Terrassa实现了重新地方自治化，创建了一个公民水务观察站。实证研究的结果表明，Terassa观察站的水务活动家每天都在通过权力与自治的制度拼凑和（重新）协商实验过程来重新获得和再现公地。这个由公民主导的观察站确保资源被共同分享，用于共同的利益，并且正在再现公地。本研究得出的结论是，水资源重新地方自治化可以作为实现重新公地化流程的重要步骤。然而，在公共管理制度下，将水资源回归公共管理的制度化面临着多方面的压力，值得活动家和政策制定者关注。
Keywords citizen-led movements, commons, community, environment, local government, recommoning, remunicipalisation, social justice, social movements, sustainability, water governance
关键词
公民主导的运动, 公地, 社区, 环境, 地方政府, 重新公地化, 重新地方自治化, 社会正义, 社会运动, 可持续性, 水治理
04
By yourself, yet not alone: Making space for loneliness
独自一人，但不孤独：为孤独腾出空间
Luzia Cassis Heu（荷兰乌得勒支大学）
Tom Brennecke（意大利米兰比可卡大学）
首次出版时间：2023/5/8｜研究论文
Abstract
Urban designers often aim to reduce the subjective feeling of loneliness through more opportunities for social interaction in (semi-)public space. These approaches may benefit people who feel lonely because they are socially isolated, but they neglect a wide range of other loneliness experiences. Indeed, there are various reasons for feeling lonely, which can often not (quickly) be erased by more social contact. Strikingly, many lonely people have even been found to prefer, and sometimes benefit from, spending time by themselves. This does, however, not imply that they necessarily prefer to remain in private space. Trying to ‘plan away’ aloneness and negative feelings – as visual representation of loneliness – from public space may then exacerbate loneliness: it signals that lonely people are alone with their experiences and can exclude them from the community of people using the same space. We therefore propose a ‘paradoxical loneliness intervention’, where more space for loneliness eases its painfulness. More specifically, we offer ideas for spaces that cater to the diverse needs of lonely people by (1) de-stigmatising loneliness, (2) providing opportunities to reflect on loneliness, (3) allowing the development pf a sense of belonging and (4) allowing a mental escape of loneliness.
摘要
城市设计师通常通过在公共空间或半公共空间中，提供更多的社交互动机会来减少主观上的孤独感。这些方法可能会使那些因社会隔离而感到孤独的人受益，但它们忽略了其他广泛的孤独体验。事实上，感到孤独的原因有很多，这些原因往往不能通过更多的社会接触来（很快）消除。令人震惊的是，我们甚至发现许多孤独的人更喜欢，有时甚至受益于自己的独处。然而，这并不意味着他们一定喜欢呆在私人空间里。试图将独处和负面情绪--作为孤独的视觉表现--从公共空间中 "规划掉 "可能会加剧孤独感：它表明那些经历是孤独的人独有的，并可能将他们排除在使用同一空间的人们的社区之外。因此，我们提出了一个 "矛盾的孤独干预"方法，为孤独提供更多的空间，以缓解其痛苦。更具体地说，我们提出了一些关于空间的想法，以满足孤独者不同的需求：（1）去掉孤独的耻辱感，（2）提供反思孤独的机会，（3）允许发展归属感以及（4）允许在精神上逃避孤独。Keywordsloneliness, loneliness stigma, public space, sense of belonging, urban design
关键词
孤独感, 孤独的耻辱感, 公共空间, 归属感, 城市设计
05
Happy city for everyone: Generational differences in rural migrant workers’ leisure in urban China
人人共享的幸福城市：中国城市农民工休闲的代际差异
AbstractEveryday leisure creates opportunities for migrant–local encounters and these encounters play important roles in urban migrants’ lives as they further their integration into the city. However, migrant workers are not homogeneous, with prominent identifiable differences between generations. This current paper analyses migrant workers’ leisure patterns and constraints in Guangzhou, China, with a particular focus on generational differences. Based on survey data collected in 2018, we have identified three leisure patterns, namely Transformed (i.e., higher leisure consumption and longer travelled distance for leisure), Prolonged (i.e., longer leisure time) and Traditional (i.e., lower leisure consumption, shorter leisure time and shorter travelled distance). In addition, significant generational differences are observed: first, while the Transformed Pattern is predisposed to be the new generation’s choice, almost half of the first generation retains the Traditional pattern; second, the first generation tends to report more substantial leisure constraints subjectively, but their leisure patterns are contrarily more affected by objective constraint indicators, such as gender, working hours, living with family members and residential location. The new generation is more influenced by subjective constraint indicators such as their attitude towards leisure, lack of like-minded companions or mobility choices. This study contributes to the extant literature by offering a typology of leisure patterns considering multiple dimensions of leisure behaviours, and further revealing the diversification of migrant workers’ leisure life in the dynamic urban context. Findings suggest that the two generations may value leisure differently, indicating inevitable lifestyle changes of the newcomers in Chinese cities. Our findings may also provide some suggestions for policymakers.
摘要
日常休闲为移民与当地人的接触创造了机会，这些接触在城市移民进一步融入城市生活的过程中发挥着重要作用。然而，外来务工人员并不是同质化的，各代人之间存在着突出的可识别差异。本文分析了中国广州的外来务工人员的休闲模式和制约因素，并特别关注了代际差异。根据2018年收集的调查数据，我们确定了三种休闲模式，即转变型（即更高的休闲消费和更长的休闲旅行距离）、延长型（即更长的休闲时间）和传统型（即较低的休闲消费、较短的休闲时间和较短的旅行距离）。此外，我们还观察到了显著的代际差异：首先，新一代往往会选择转变型模式，而几乎一半的第一代外来务工人员仍然保留着传统型休闲模式；其次，第一代人倾向于在主观上报告更多实质性的休闲制约因素，但他们的休闲模式相反地更受客观制约指标的影响，如性别、工作时间、与家庭成员居住和居住地点。新一代外来务工人员更多地受到主观制约指标的影响，如他们对休闲的态度、缺乏志同道合的同伴或流动性选择。本研究提供了考虑休闲行为多个维度的休闲模式分类法，并进一步揭示了在动态城市背景下，外来务工人员休闲生活的多样化，从而对现有文献做出贡献。研究结果表明，两代人对休闲的重视程度可能不同，这表明中国城市中新移民的生活方式不可避免地发生了变化。我们的发现也可以为决策者提供一些建议。
generational difference, leisure behaviour, leisure constraint, migrant worker
代际差异, 休闲行为, 休闲制约因素, 外来务工人员
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