论文快递: 第一百八十九期
编者按
Urban Studies 每年投稿量为1000多篇，每年发表16期，共180篇论文左右。由于稿件量大，文章从接收到正式出版周期较长，因此编辑部会在稿件接收排版后的第一时间在网上发布论文全文 (Online First) 。"论文快递" 栏目将同步推出网上刊登的最新论文，方便读者了解Urban Studies的最新动态，敬请关注！
本期为“论文快递”栏目的第一百八十九期，将介绍Urban Studies Online First的三篇论文和Current Issue的两篇论文。主题包括交通与空气污染暴露的不平等，应对气候变化的去增长制度议程，进步主义价值观，非洲城市化，印度的污水设施治理，欢迎阅读。
01
Local inequities in the relative production of and exposure to vehicular air pollution in Los Angeles
洛杉矶车辆空气污染的相对产生和暴露的地方不平等
AbstractVehicular air pollution has created an ongoing air quality and public health crisis. Despite growing knowledge of racial injustice in exposure levels, less is known about the relationship between the production of and exposure to such pollution. This study assesses pollution burden by testing whether local populations’ vehicular air pollution exposure is proportional to how much they drive. Through a Los Angeles, California, case study we examine how this relates to race, ethnicity and socio-economic status – and how these relationships vary across the region. We find that, all else equal, tracts whose residents drive less are exposed to more air pollution, as are tracts with a less-White population. Commuters from majority-White tracts disproportionately drive through non-White tracts, compared to the inverse. Decades of racially-motivated freeway infrastructure planning and residential segregation shape today’s disparities in who produces vehicular air pollution and who is exposed to it, but opportunities exist for urban planning and transport policy to mitigate this injustice.
车辆引起的空气污染带来了持续的空气质量和公共卫生危机。尽管人们越来越了解接触程度方面的种族不平等，但人们对这种污染的产生和接触之间的关系知之甚少。本研究通过测试当地人口的车辆空气污染接触是否与其驾驶量成正比来评估污染负荷。我们将加利福尼亚州的洛杉矶作为案例，研究了车辆空气污染接触与种族、民族和社会经济地位之间的关系，以及这些关系在该地区不同地方的差异。我们发现，在其他条件相同的情况下，居民驾驶较少的地区空气污染接触程度更高，白人人口较少的地区也是如此。来自白人占多数的地区的通勤者很多会驾车穿过非白人地区， 而来自于非白人地区的通勤者却很少会驾车穿过白人占多数的地区。数十年来，高速公路基础设施规划和居住隔离都受到种族主义的影响，造成了今天车辆空气污染的制造者与其接触者的不一致，但城市规划和交通政策有机会缓解这种不公正现象。
air pollution, environmental justice, public health, race, transportation planning
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980221145403
02
Scaling-up degrowth: Re-imagining institutional responses to climate change
扩大去增长：重新构想应对气候变化的制度
Abstract
Focusing on the United Nations’ Agenda 2030 and the New Urban Agenda, this commentary suggests that by engaging with degrowth, these mainstream policies can potentially provide alternative ecological values as climate responses. In turn, degrowth can also benefit from engaging with the multiple scales and sectors of these institutions for climate and planning practice. However, such multi-scalar engagements demand a repoliticisation of institutional and professional routines, processes and procedures.
Keywords
Buen Vivir, climate change, degrowth, planning, resilience
美好生活 (Buen Vivir), 气候变化, 去增长, 规划, 韧性
03
Progressive cities: Urban–rural polarisation of social values and economic development around the world
进步的城市：世界各地社会价值观和经济发展的城乡两极分化
AbstractIn contrast to the conservative values of rural populations, cities are often seen as bulwarks of more tolerant, liberal and progressive values. This urban–rural divide in values has become one of the major fault lines in Western democracies, underpinning major political events of the last decade, not least the election of Donald Trump. Yet, beyond a small number of countries, there is little evidence that cities really are more liberal than rural areas. Evolutionary modernisation theory suggests that socio-economic development may lead to the spread of progressive, self-expression values but provides little guidance on the role of cities in this process. Has an urban–rural split in values developed across the world? And does this gap depend on the economic development of a country? We answer these questions using a large cross-sectional dataset covering 66 countries. Despite the inherent challenges in identifying and operationalising a globally-consistent definition of what is ‘urban’, we show that there are marked and significant urban–rural differences in progressive values, defined as tolerant attitudes to immigration, gender rights and family life. These differences exist even when controlling for observable compositional effects, suggesting that cities do play a role in the spread of progressive values. Yet, these results only apply at higher levels of economic development suggesting that, for cities to leave behind rural areas in terms of liberal values, the satisfying of certain material needs is a prerequisite.
摘要
与农村人口保守的价值观不同，城市通常被视为更宽容、更自由化、更进步主义的价值观的堡垒。这种价值观的城乡分化已成为西方民主国家的主要裂纹线之一，构成了过去十年中所发生的重大政治事件的基础，尤其是唐纳德·川普的当选。然而，除了少数国家之外，几乎没有证据表明城市真的比农村地区更自由化。进化现代化理论表明，社会经济发展可能导致进步主义的、自我表达的价值观的传播，但对城市在这一过程中可起的作用提供的指导很少。世界范围内是否真的出现了城乡价值观的分化？这种分化是否由一个国家的经济发展水平决定？我们利用一个大型的横截面数据集来回答这些问题，数据涉及 66 个国家/地区。尽管存在固有挑战，很难在全球范围内对“城市”确定和实施一致的定义，但我们的研究表明，城乡在进步主义价值观方面存在显著的差异。进步主义的价值观被定义为对移民、性别权利和家庭生活所持有的宽容的态度。即使剔除可观察到的构成效应，这些差异也存在，这表明城市确实在进步主义价值观的传播中发挥了作用。然而，这些结果仅适用于较高的经济发展水平，这表明在满足某些物质需求的先决条件下，城市在自由主义价值观方面才会超越农村地区。
Keywords cities, economic development, modernisation, progressive values, urban–rural polarisation
关键词
城市，经济发展, 现代化, 进步主义价值观, 城乡两极分化
04
African urbanisation at the confluence of informality and climate change
非正规性和气候变化交汇处的非洲城市化
Brandon Marc Finn（美国哈佛大学）
Patrick Brandful Cobbinah（澳大利亚墨尔本大学）
首次出版时间：2022/6/24｜研究论文
Abstract
Africa contributes the least to global greenhouse gas emissions, yet it faces climate change’s harshest consequences. Ramifications of climate change pose daunting multi-scalar urban challenges, specifically because urbanisation across most African countries is embedded in, linked to and defined by various notions of informality. However, there is limited theoretical attention to the confluence of African urbanisation, informality and climate change. This article addresses this issue by laying out three fundamental matters of this relationship. First, it analyses urban informality in the context of three domains: the informal economy, informal settlements and the state. Second, it highlights the significance of climate change to theoretical and empirical studies of informality. We propose that climate change poses challenges to the practice of informality and its contemporary theorisation, prompting new questions about how African informality is understood and framed. Finally, it discusses new perspectives on planning for climate change and urban informality that do not frame ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ approaches as necessarily mutually exclusive. Climate change fundamentally challenges life within informal economies and settlements, and its synthesis within debates on African urbanisation is urgently required. Notably, and in turn, the global discourse on climate change also requires specific attention to the theories and practices of informality.
摘要
在全球，非洲排放的温室气体是最少的，但她却承受着气候变化最严重的后果。气候变化的后果带来了令人生畏的多标度城市挑战，特别是因为大多数非洲国家的城市化都嵌入了各种非正规概念、与之相联系、并由其定义。然而，同时融合非洲城市化、非正规性和气候变化的理论研究十分有限。本文通过阐述这种关系的三个基本问题来探讨这一方面。首先，我们分三个领域分析了城市非正规性：非正规经济、非正规住区和政府。其次，我们强调气候变化对非正规性理论和实证研究而言的重要性。我们认为气候变化对非正规性的实践及其当代理论提出了挑战，引发了关于如何理解和构建非洲非正规性的新问题。最后，我们讨论关于针对气候变化和城市非正规性进行规划的新观点，这些观点并不将“自上而下”和“自下而上”的方法视为必然相互排斥。气候变化从根本上挑战了非正规经济和住区中的人们的生活，迫切需要在关于非洲城市化的辩论中对其进行综合。值得注意的是，反过来，关于气候变化的全球讨论也需要特别关注非正规性的理论和实践。Keywordsclimate change, inequality, informal settlements, urbanisation
关键词
气候变化, 不平等, 非正规住区, 城市化
05
Infrastructure mosaics in urban India: Sewage beyond the networked city
印度城市基础设施拼图：网络化城市之外的污水处理
AbstractIn this paper, I illustrate how sewage is managed beyond the networked city to create infrastructure mosaics – patchworks of interconnected infrastructures across the city characterised by variegation, fluidity and non-linearity. The purpose of this work is to develop the concept of infrastructure mosaics as a way to understand urban sewage flows in Southern cities based on the lived experience of residents, rather than on concepts developed to describe Northern cities. I begin with a brief review of how the concept of networked cities has been applied to the Global South. I then explore how sewage operates within the networked city and beyond. I finish by contextualising these ideas through the case of sewage in Agra, India. The findings from this work can help planners and policy makers across the North/South divide better understand how urban sewage operates in reality, giving decision makers insights into opportunities for improvement outside the modern infrastructural ideal.
摘要
在本文中，我展示如何超越网络化城市管理污水以创建基础设施拼接—整个城市内相互连接的基础设施拼接，其特点是杂糅性、流动性和非线性。本文的目的是提出基础设施拼接的概念，作为一种基于居民生活经验（而不是为描述北方城市而开发的概念）来理解南方城市城市污水处理的方法。我首先简要回顾联网城市的概念是如何应用于全球南方的。然后，我探讨联网城市和非联网城市的污水处理运作方式。最后，我通过印度阿格拉 (Agra) 的污水处理案例对这些概念进行情境化。本项研究的结果可以帮助南方和北方的规划者和决策者更好地了解城市污水处理在现实中是如何运作的，让决策者超越现代基础设施理念深入了解改进机会。
关键词
日常实践, 基础设施, 物质性, 污水处理, 城市政治生态
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