论文快递: 第一百七十八期
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The following article is from 城市研究速递 Author Urban Studies
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本期为“论文快递”栏目的第一百七十八期,将介绍Urban Studies Online First的三篇和Current Issue的两篇论文。主题包括专设学生住宿,社区主导的住房,南美的新市政主义,智慧城市化,居住隔离与公共服务,欢迎阅读。
01
Re-contextualising purpose-built student accommodation in secondary cities: The role of planning policy, consultation and economic need during austerity
重新语境化二线城市的专设学生住宿:紧缩期间规划政策、咨询和经济需求的作用
Abstract
The rise of purpose-built student accommodation (PBSA) has become a dominant feature of many secondary cities over the last decade. These cities often have weaker property markets than ‘primary’ or capital cities and often rely on the ‘knowledge economy’ to drive economic and urban development. A growing body of work has explored the effects of ‘new-build studentification’ and its relationship to economic crisis and the financialisation of housing. Less attention has been paid to how the localised political and economic impacts of austerity led to the creation of particular planning policies and actions to facilitate PBSA. Through a case study of a housing estate in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, whose ward has seen a 467% increase in student housing numbers, this article highlights that student housing is shaped not merely by issues of supply and demand but also often by planning practice and local economic demands. Whilst we recognise that PBSA development is also reliant on particular global economic conditions and investment strategies, this article calls for a more relational, contextual approach to examining PBSA. We pay specific attention to local political and institutional actors and their policies, working practices and social constructs amidst austerity.
Keywords
austerity, community consultation, planning policy, purpose-built student accommodation, studentification
关键词紧缩, 社区咨询, 规划政策, 专设学生住宿, 学生化
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980221121569
02
Community-led housing: Between ‘right to the city’, ‘actually existing neoliberalism’ and post-pandemic cities
社区主导的住房:介于“城市权利”、“实际存在的新自由主义”和后疫情城市之间
Abstract
This paper examines the Self-Managed Housing Program (Law 341), in Buenos Aires, Argentina. This programme created 45 cooperative housing units between 2001 and 2020 in consolidated urban areas currently undergoing renewal processes. It investigates the conditions that the programme has generated for the realisation of the ‘right to the city’ in the context of ‘actually existing neoliberalism’ and challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper analyses the origins of the process and mode of cooperative housing production, including tangible and intangible aspects and capacities acquired by the inhabitants. This study used a mixed quantitative and qualitative methodology. The analytical strategy focused on defining a set of dimensions that characterised the self-managed mode of production, conditions of social and urban insertion in the case studied and participants’ perceptions of the influence of material characteristics and organisational arrangements during the pandemic. This paper contributes to our understanding of the socio-economic dynamics in the production of urban space by elucidating the role of the state and specific tensions arising due to bottom-up policies, specific forms adopted by urban experiences of resistance and their contribution in the promotion of concrete conditions of urban life. Finally, this paper characterises an emergent self-managed urbanism and reflects on its possibilities of dialogue with the construction of alternative local policies that challenge growing territorial inequality caused by the subordination of policies to real estate financialisation and its deepening tendencies in the pandemic context.
摘要
本文研究了阿根廷布宜诺斯艾利斯的“自我管理的住房项目”(第341号法律)。该项目在2001年至2020年期间,在目前正在进行城市更新的综合城区创建了45个合作住宅单元。本文调查了在“实际存在的新自由主义”和新冠疫情带来挑战的背景下,该计划为“城市权利”的实现创造的条件。本文分析了合作住宅生产的由来、过程和模式,包括有形和无形的方面以及居民所获得的能力。本研究采用了定量和定性相结合的方法。分析策略侧重于定义一系列维度,这些维度表征了自我管理的生产模式、所研究案例中的社会和城市融入条件,以及参与者对疫情期间物质特征和组织安排影响的看法。本文通过阐明国家的作用以及自下而上政策所产生的具体紧张关系,城市抵制活动所采取的具体形式,及其对改善城市生活具体条件的贡献,有助于我们理解城市空间生产中的社会经济动态。最后,本文描述了一种新兴的自我管理型城市化,并反思了其与能够挑战日益加剧的区域不平等的替代性地方政策的构建开展对话的可能性。这种区域不平等的加剧是因为政策从属于房地产金融化,并且在疫情背景下,还有不断加深的趋势。
cooperativism, self-management, neoliberalism, right to the city, COVID-19 pandemic
关键词
合作主义, 自我管理, 新自由主义, 城市权利, 新冠疫情
03
New municipalism in South America? Developing theory from experiences in Argentina and Chile
南美的新市政主义?从阿根廷和智利的经验发展理论
首次出版时间:2022/11/23|研究论文
Abstract
Working towards social transformation through forms of participatory and economic democracy is a core element of the new municipalist agenda. While utilising a ‘politics of proximity’ to develop citizen-led collectives in various forms and at various scales, these projects reimagine and reclaim the local state for social and ecological justice. However, much of the empirical literature that has fed into the development of this conceptualisation of new municipalism, while having a global ambition, has been based on European experiences. Thus, there are key questions around its applicability to other places, particularly in the Global South. South America has generated some of the emblematic cases of struggles against neoliberalism through reclaiming public services, from important interventions in reversing privatisations in the region to influential municipalist innovations, including participatory public policies such as participatory budgeting. This article seeks to critically interrogate new municipalism through an engagement with key social and political changes, state–civil society dynamics and political concepts in South America, illustrated with examples from municipal grassroots initiatives in Argentina and Chile. It argues that municipalism can be more extensively theorised by, first, engaging with a broader temporality than just moments of crisis; second, being attentive to the longer history of diverse participatory municipal initiatives in the region; and finally, incorporating the concept of territory (territorio in Spanish), which has emerged as a key dimension for understanding social transformations in the region.
Keywords new municipalism, post-neoliberalism, social movements, South America, territory
关键词
新地方自治主义, 后新自由主义, 社会运动, 南美洲, 领土
04
State-steered smartmentality in Chinese smart urbanism
中国智慧城市化中国家主导的智慧思维
AbstractThis study explores the socio-political shaping of Chinese smart urbanism by examining the power relations between the government (national and municipal), private firms and citizens embedded in smartmentality. Our exploration begins with teasing out key analytical standpoints of Alberto Vanolo’s concept of smartmentality applied in neoliberal practices of smart urbanism. Through this analytical framework, we conceptualise Chinafied smartmentality and illustrate how it is actually playing out in China by undertaking documentary research and in-depth interviews from an inductive case study of the Smart Transportation System (STS) in the city of Shijiazhuang. We observe that the idea of Chinafication extends smartmentality with a focus on the power dynamic. We further argue that this Chinafied smartmentality implies uncritical technological solutionism that is state-steered in nature, and citizen participation in digital platforms that is performed with limited roles and power for inclusion. The article concludes by calling for future research on the critical examination of value co-creation for shaping a truly citizen-centric mode of governance in Chinese smart urbanism.
关键词
中国城市, 公民, 政府, 智慧城市, 智慧思维, 智慧城市化
05
Residential segregation and public services in urban India
印度城市的居住隔离和公共服务
Abstract
Urban India is characterised by a high degree of intra-city spatial inequality in the availability of public services like piped water and sewerage. We unpack the political channels that link residential segregation with access to public services. ‘Micro-segregation’, or neighbourhood residential sorting within a ward (the elementary administrative and political unit in urban India), enables segregated neighbourhoods to better organise and petition public services. Political competition further amplifies these demands from segregated neighbourhoods. The state’s response to such demand is, however, modulated by both in-group favouritism and outgroup discrimination. States’ ability to indulge in such favouritism and discrimination is in turn contingent on how the caste composition of a ward is different from that of the city as a whole –‘macro-segregation’. We combine large-scale quantitative analysis using neighbourhood-level national census data for all towns in India with at least 0.3 million residents, and multi-year qualitative fieldwork in Bengaluru, a metropolis of over 10 million residents, to delineate the interactions between these demand-side and supply-side channels. While macro-segregation is negatively associated with piped water and sewerage, micro-segregation has a positive association.
印度城市的特点是在公共服务(如供水和污水处理)的可用性方面存在高度的城市内部空间不平等。我们分析了一些将居住隔离与公共服务获取联系起来的政治渠道。“微隔离” 或社区(Ward,即印度城市的基层行政和政治单位)内的街区居住分类使得隔离街区能够更好地组织起来并申请公共服务。政治竞争进一步放大了这些隔离街区的需求。然而,政府对这种需求的反应受到群体内偏袒和群体外歧视的影响。各州是否能恣意地实行这种偏袒和歧视又反过来取决于一个社区 (Ward) 的种姓构成在多大程度上不同于整个城市的种姓构成(“宏观隔离”)。我们结合使用印度所有拥有至少 30 万居民的城镇的街区级全国人口普查数据的大规模定量分析,以及在拥有超过 1,000 万居民的大都市班加罗尔的多年定性实地调查,来描绘这些需求侧渠道和供给侧渠道之间的相互作用。宏观隔离与供水和污水处理呈负相关,而微观隔离则与之呈正相关。
KeywordsIndia, multi-scalar residential segregation, urban politics, water and sanitation
关键词
印度, 多标度居住隔离, 城市政治, 水与卫生
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098021107285
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