论文快递：第一百六十三期

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本期为“论文快递”栏目的第一百六十三期，将介绍Urban Studies current issue的五篇论文。主题包括移民拘留经济与城市发展，投机性城市化与生活方式移民，内部移民产业与难民居住地的“影子经济”，移民产业与全球城市塑造，移民产业与移民飞地，欢迎阅读。

01

As a reflection of changing geographies of US migration control, when Essex County, New Jersey’s local government adopted a new immigration detention contract with the federal government, an elected official noted: ‘This is a very unpleasant way of getting revenue…But it’s going to be helpful.’ Despite politically liberal leanings as well as active and expanding resistance to a persistently conservative immigration enforcement agenda from the national level, New Jersey has been a leading provider of detention in the United States, with numerous counties benefiting significantly from immigration crackdowns. This article examines local debates in three New Jersey municipalities alongside public records data that detail financial relationships central to immigration detention operations, to argue that the ensuing relationships intersect and intertwine in ways that make detention economies a critical facet of municipal development. Further, following a 2021 paper by Lauren Martin, we argue that attention to the array of entities that are linked through detention economies demonstrates the usefulness of understanding the migration ‘industry’ as an assemblage. Using a site-specific investigative focus we trace myriad entities’ involvement in immigration detention and reliance on income from Immigration and Customs Enforcement. We detail how these multifarious actors, sometimes with opposing views on detention and distinct rationalities, converge in ways that contribute to the further entrenchment of detention in municipal areas. Through this focused case study, our analysis advances a critical migration industries approach and details how detention economies are ‘assembled’ and entangled with urban areas.

02

Iskandar Malaysia (IM) is a 4749 km2 urban conurbation and development region located at the Malaysia–Singapore border. State-led development of this regional economic corridor has attracted inflows of foreign investments and spurred the rise of mid- to high-end urban developments by foreign developers. This has resulted in the emergence of an interurban migration industry consisting of intermediary entities that are co-developing and co-marketing ‘migration products’ (real estate, education and lifestyle migration) as an integrated package to middle-class, aspiring transnational investor/lifestyle migrants from the region. This article argues that this middlemen industry is crucial to the materialisation of urban speculation, for state actors and investor/lifestyle migrants alike. Through interurban alliances that capitalise on the broader state-led speculative urbanism landscape, the industry co-creates an imagined urban future that is grounded in transnational lifestyle mobilities. This article highlights the need to analyse speculative urbanism and transnational investment/lifestyle migration as intertwined processes.

马来西亚依斯干达（IM）是一个面积4749平方公里得大都市开发区，位于马来西亚与新加坡的边界处。这一区域经济走廊由国家主导的开发吸引了大量外国投资，并刺激了外国开发商开发城市中高端项目。这导致了一个城市间移民行业的出现，该行业由共同开发和共同营销“移民产品”（房地产、教育和生活方式移民）的中介实体组成，这些产品是面向该地区中产阶级、有抱负的跨国投资者/生活方式移民的综合一揽子计划。本文认为，对于国家行为者和投资者/生活方式移民而言，这一中间商行业对于城市投机的实现至关重要。通过利用更广泛的投机性城市化环境的城市间联盟，该行业共同创造了一个基于跨国生活方式流动性的城市未来的愿景。本文强调有必要将投机性城市化和跨国投资/生活方式移民作为相互交织的过程进行分析。

投资/生活方式移民, 马来西亚伊斯坎达, 房地产-教育-移民关系, 投机性城市化, 跨国中介, 城市中间商经济

03

In this article, we focus on ways in which ‘internal migration industries’ shape the housing location of refugees in cities. Based on empirical studies in Halle, Schwerin, Berlin, Stuttgart and Dresden, we bring two issues together. First, we show how a specific financialised accumulation model of renting out privatised public housing stock to disadvantaged parts of the population has emerged that increasingly targets migrant tenants. With the growing immigration of refugees to Germany since 2015, this model has intensified. Second, we discuss how access to housing is formed by informal agents. While housing is almost inaccessible for households on social welfare, the situation is even worse for refugees. This situation has given rise to a new ‘shadow economy’ for housing that offers services with dubious quality for excessive fees. Bringing these two issues together, we argue that housing provision to refugees has become a new business opportunity. This has given rise to a broad variety of ‘internal migration industries’ that provide the housing infrastructure, but also control access to housing. This not only results in new opportunities for profit extraction, but actively shapes new patterns of segregation and the concentration of refugees in particular types of disadvantaged neighbourhoods.

04

Recently, increasing migrant-led diversity of urban spaces can be expected to be especially observed in global cities, where global flows of capital, goods and people are concentrated. Although this connection between the global phenomenon of transnational migration and the local socio-spatial impacts on the cities appears evident, empirical research on the ‘relationship of migrants and cities’ remains underexplored. Discussions on global city makers have focused primarily on global economic actors, and have paid little attention to actors involved in shaping these global cities locally. This paper sheds new light on the role of migration industries in shaping global cities on the local level, being based empirically on qualitative interviews with transnational migrants and service providers in Tokyo. It discusses how the novel constellation of service firms for the transnational migration from above and below, that is, corporate migration industry in contrast to the conventional migration industry of labour migration, not only contributes to the global flow of transnational migrations into specific cities, but also draws them into specific socio-spatial patterns within the local urban space. By bringing these different types of migration industries conceptually together, it illustrates how socio-spatial diversification processes within global cities are embedded in the global economy (global city makers) but also locally directed by intermediary actors of migration industries (global city shapers). Embedding migration industries into the global cities perspective, it bridges the gap on urban transformation from the global to the local.

最近，在全球资本、货物和人员流动集中的全球城市中，我们预计尤其会观察到以移民为主导的城市空间多样性日益增加。尽管跨国移民的全球现象与当地社会空间对城市的影响之间的联系似乎很明显，但关于“移民与城市的关系”的实证研究仍不充分。关于全球城市缔造者的讨论主要集中在全球经济参与者上面，很少关注在本地层面参与塑造这些全球城市的参与者。本文基于对东京跨国移民和服务提供者的定性访谈，对移民产业在地方层面塑造全球城市方面的作用提出了新的见解。它讨论了新型跨国迁移服务公司集群（从上到下和从下到上，即与传统的劳动力迁移行业形成对比的企业迁移行业）如何促进向特定城市的跨国迁移型全球流动，而且还将这种流动吸引到当地城市空间内的特定社会空间模式中。通过将这些不同类型的移民产业在概念上结合在一起，我们说明全球城市内的社会空间多样化过程如何嵌入全球经济（全球城市缔造者），同时也在本地层面受到移民产业中介行为者（全球城市塑造者）的本地影响。我们将移民产业融入全球城市视角，弥合了城市转型研究从全球到本地的鸿沟。

移民产业, 全球城市, 跨国移民, 超级多样性, 东京

05

When migrants come in large numbers, they tend to segregate in enclaves where they lead a familiar lifestyle alongside people who can provide a support system. But how do these enclaves come about? This paper engages with migration industries literature, saying that it is ‘the labour involved in managing, facilitating and controlling migration’ that makes it an industry. Relying on the case of privileged Jewish migration to Israel, I argue that while the state remains central in facilitating and controlling migration, migration industries and migrants’ social networks dictate in which urban areas privileged migrants settle, creating unequal urban geographies. To illustrate this, I rely on qualitative data gathered in two research projects I completed in Israel over the past decade, in various Israeli cities relating to migrants and second-home owners from Western countries. I look at how and why people decide where to settle upon migrating and the role of various migration industries actors in their choices. I argue that what seems like individual decision-making is in fact a ‘structured agency’, repeating patterns of the imagined urban geographies produced by agents of migration and various urban stakeholders. The result is unequal patterns of location and consumption, where privileged migrants locate in urban enclaves, distancing themselves from other groups and causing gentrification.

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